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1.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 38(1): 39-45, Jan.-Mar. 2016. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-776498

ABSTRACT

Objective: To study the co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders (PD) and communication disorders (CD) and their relationship with global functioning in maltreated children and adolescents. Methods: The sample comprised 143 maltreated children and adolescents (55.8% male). All underwent clinical communication and psychiatric evaluations, as well as global functioning assessment using the Children’s Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS). Results: Four groups emerged from evaluation: Group 1 (n=7, 4.9%) did not exhibit any disorders; Group 2 (n=26, 18.2%) exhibited PD; Group 3 (n=34, 23.8%) exhibited CD; and Group 4 (n=76, 53.1%) exhibited both PD and CD on evaluation. Significant differences in global functioning scores were found between G1 and G2, G1 and G4, G2 and G4, and G3 and G4, with the highest C-GAS scores found in G1 and the lowest in G4. Conclusion: Rates of PD and CD are high in this maltreated population. The presence of PD has a major impact on C-GAS score, and the simultaneous presence of CD increases the already impaired function of PD. Demonstration of the additive effects of PD and CD on youth functioning suggests that professionals should be alert to the presence of both disorders to better act preventively and therapeutically in a high-risk population.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Communication Disorders/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Child Abuse/diagnosis , Child Abuse/psychology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Communication Disorders/psychology , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Social Communication Disorder/diagnosis , Social Communication Disorder/epidemiology , Mental Disorders/psychology , Intellectual Disability/epidemiology
2.
MedicalExpress (São Paulo, Online) ; 2(6): M150506, Nov.-Dec. 2015. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-773521

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Substance abuse and maltreatment are highly associated with Executive Cognitive Function impairments, but very little is known about how symptoms of a condition known as Dysexecutive Syndrome may impact on real-life activities, especially in adolescents. This study investigated the presence of Executive Cognitive Function deficits in maltreated substance-abusing adolescents relative to healthy control subjects and analyzed the association between executive performance and educational attainment. METHOD: The sample consisted of 15 maltreated adolescent substance abusers and 15 non-maltreated healthy adolescents (controls). They were assessed by the Frontal Assessment Battery, composed of six subtests: Conceptualization, Mental flexibility, Motor programming, Sensitivity to interference, Inhibitory control, and Environmental autonomy. RESULTS: Maltreated adolescents did not differ from controls in sociodemographic variables such as age, ethnicity, and handedness. However, they performed significantly and importantly below controls in almost all domains of Executive Cognitive Function, including abstract abilities, cognitive flexibility, motor planning, and sensitivity to interference. Maltreated adolescents also completed fewer years of formal education vs. controls. The Frontal Assessment Battery total score correlated with educational attainment throughout the sample (r = 0.511; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Substance-abusing adolescents with a history of maltreatment performed more poorly vs. controls on a variety of measurements of executive functioning, and the results of the Frontal Assessment Battery were associated with educational attainment. Our results evidence a negative impact of dysexecutive symptoms on educational attainment in adolescents. Strategies focusing on neuropsychological rehabilitation may be relevant to help substance-abusing and maltreated adolescents to perform better at school and perhaps in life.


OBJETIVO: Abuso de substâncias e maus-tratos têm sido altamente associados com déficits nas funções executivas, porém pouco se conhece sobre o impacto da disfunção executiva nas atividades da vida real, especialmente em adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de déficits nas funções executivas em adolescentes abusadores de substâncias com histórico de maus-tratos, comparando-os com um grupo de jovens controles saudáveis, assim como analisar a associação entre o desempenho executivo e o nível de escolaridade dos participantes. MÉTODO: A amostra foi composta por 15 adolescentes abusadores de substâncias, vítimas de maus tratos e 15 adolescentes saudáveis, sem história de maus-tratos. Todos os participantes foram avaliados pela Bateria de Avaliação Frontal, composto por seis subtestes: Conceituação, Flexibilidade mental, Programação motora, Sensibilidade à interferência, Controle inibitório e Autonomia Ambiental RESULTADOS: Os adolescentes abusadores não diferiram dos controles saudáveis em variáveis sócio-demográficas, tais como idade, etnia e lateralidade. No entanto, apresentaram desempenho significativamente abaixo dos controles em quase todos os domínios das funções executivas, incluindo capacidade de abstração, flexibilidade cognitiva, planejamento motor e sensibilidade à interferência. Os adolescentes vítimas de maus tratos concluíram menos anos de educação formal do que os controles. A pontuação total da Bateria de Avaliação Frontal correlacionou com o nível de escolaridade, na amostra total (r = 0.511; p < 0.01). CONCLUSÃO: Os adolescentes abusadores de substâncias com histórico de maus-tratos apresentam prejuízos em várias medidas de Funções Executivas. Os resultados da Bateria de Avaliação Frontal associam-se com os anos completados de escolaridade. Nossos resultados evidenciam o impacto negativo da disfunção executiva no aproveitamento escolar em adolescentes. Estratégias com foco em reabilitação neuropsicológica podem ser relevantes para ajudar adolescentes abusadores de substâncias e vítimas de maus tratos a atingirem melhor aproveitamento na escola e, talvez, na vida como um todo.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Domestic Violence , Substance-Related Disorders , Learning Disabilities , Neuropsychological Tests
3.
Braz. j. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 81(1): 71-78, Jan-Feb/2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-741330

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Abused children and adolescents are exposed to factors that can trigger vocal changes. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of vocal changes in abused children and adolescents, through auditory-perceptual analysis of voice and the study of the association between vocal changes, communication disorders, psychiatric disorders, and global functioning. Methods: This was an observational and transversal study of 136 children and adolescents (mean age 10.2 years, 78 male) who were assessed by a multidisciplinary team specializing in abused populations. Speech evaluation was performed (involving the aspects of oral and written communication, as well as auditory-perceptual analysis of voice, through the GRBASI scale). Psychiatric diagnosis was performed in accordance with the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria and by applying the K-SADS; global functioning was evaluated by means of the C-GAS scale. Results: The prevalence of vocal change was 67.6%; of the patients with vocal changes, 92.3% had other communication disorders. Voice changes were associated with a loss of seven points in global functioning, and there was no association between vocal changes and psychiatric diagnosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of vocal change was greater than that observed in the general population, with significant associations with communication disorders and global functioning. The results demonstrate that the situations these children experience can intensify the triggering of abusive vocal behaviors and consequently, of vocal changes. .


Introdução: Crianças e adolescentes vítimas de maus tratos estão expostas a fatores que podem desencadear alterações vocais. Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência de alteração vocal nesta população realizando análise perceptivo-auditiva da voz e estudar a associação entre alteração vocal, transtornos da comunicação, transtorno psiquiátrico e funcionamento global. Método: Estudo observacional e transversal. Participaram 136 sujeitos, com idade média de 10,2 anos, atendidos por equipe multidisciplinar especializada no tratamento ambulatorial de vítimas de maus tratos. Foi realizada avaliação fonoaudiologia (aspectos da comunicação orale escrita e análise perceptivo-auditiva da voz a qual foi feita por meio da escala GRBASI). O diagnóstico psiquiátrico foi dado de acordo com os critérios diagnósticos da CID-10 e aplicação do K-SADS; o funcionamento global foi avaliado por meio da escala C-GAS. Resultados: A prevalência de alteração vocal foi de 67,6%, dos pacientes com alteração vocal, 92,3% apresentaram outros transtornos da comunicação. A alteração vocal está associada a um prejuízo de sete pontos no funcionamento global e não apresentou associação com transtorno psiquiátrico. Conclusão: A prevalência de alterações vocais encontrada foi maior do que a observada na população geral, com associações significantes com transtornos da comunicação e funcionamento global. As situações que estas crianças vivem podem intensificar o desencadeamento de comportamentos vocais abusivos e consequentemente de alterações vocais. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Child Abuse/psychology , Voice Disorders/diagnosis , Auditory Perception , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prevalence , Voice Disorders/epidemiology , Voice Disorders/psychology
4.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-962128

ABSTRACT

A Brazilian Health Technology Assessment Bulletin (BRATS) article regarding scientific evidence of the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate for treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has caused much controversy about its methods. Considering the relevance of BRATS for public health in Brazil, we critically reviewed this article by remaking the BRATS search and discussing its methods and results. Two questions were answered: did BRATS include all references available in the literature? Do the conclusions reflect the reviewed articles? The results indicate that BRATS did not include all the references from the literature on this subject and also that the proposed conclusions are different from the results of the articles chosen by the BRATS authors themselves. The articles selected by the BRATS authors showed that using methylphenidate is safe and effective. However, the BRATS final conclusion does not reflect the aforementioned and should not be used to support decisions on the use of methylphenidate.


O Boletim Brasileiro de Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde (BRATS), em matéria sobre as evidências científicas da eficácia e segurança do metilfenidato para o transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH), gerou controvérsias sobre sua metodologia. Considerando a relevância do BRATS para a saúde pública no Brasil, realizou-se análise crítica dessa matéria ao refazer a busca do BRATS e discutir sua metodologia e achados. Foram respondidas duas perguntas:o BRATS incluiu todas as referências disponíveis na literatura? As conclusões refletiram os textos revisados? Identificou-se que o BRATS não incluiu todas as referências da literatura sobre o tema e que as conclusões propostas estão diferentes dos resultados dos artigos escolhidos pelos próprios autores do BRATS. Os artigos selecionados pelos autores do BRATS apontam para a eficácia e segurança do uso do metilfenidato. Entretanto, a conclusão final dos autores não reflete isso e não deveria ser usada como referência para orientar decisões sobre o uso do metilfenidato.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use , Methylphenidate/therapeutic use , Brazil , Practice Guidelines as Topic
6.
Rev. bras. educ. méd ; 38(1): 120-126, jan.-mar. 2014.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-718358

ABSTRACT

INTRODUÇÃO: Historicamente, a medicina caminhou paralelamente aos valores humanísticos até que as bases científico-tecnológicas desenvolvessem importantes conhecimentos, dando ao atendimento humanizado, por vezes, uma posição secundária. Apenas nas últimas décadas, vem-se pensando em maneiras de conciliá-los. Neste contexto, acadêmicos da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) criaram o MadAlegria, no qual a figura do doutor-palhaço atua no desenvolvimento da empatia e da abertura para a escuta e o diálogo com pacientes adultos por meio do lúdico. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Alunos da área da saúde caracterizados como doutores-palhaços visitaram pacientes hospitalizados. Em 2011, o projeto contou com 38 voluntários que atuaram semanalmente no Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (Icesp); no ano seguinte, o projeto se expandiu para outras enfermarias do Complexo do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP (FMUSP). Paralelamente, foram realizados estudos para conhecer o impacto da atuação do doutor-palhaço sobre pacientes adultos, profissionais da saúde e alunos que participam do projeto. RESULTADOS: Os resultados preliminares de estudo com os acadêmicos sugerem que eles adquiriram habilidades de comunicação e ampliaram a visão do paciente. CONCLUSÃO: Futuras pesquisas poderão elucidar mais detalhes a respeito dos benefícios do treinamento na saúde mental dos estudantes envolvidos.


INTRODUCTION: Historically speaking, medicine reflected human values until scientific and technological bases made significant strides in knowledge, sometimes leaving a human approach to attending patients to take a back seat. It has only been in recent decades, that we come to consider how to combine scientific knowledge with humanitarian care. In this context, students from São Paulo University (Brazil) created "MadAlegria", using the role of the "doutor-palhaço" [clown-doctor] to develop empathy and attend to adult patients by means of games. METHODS: Dressed as clown-doctors, medical students made voluntary visits to hospitalized patients. In 2011, the project was undertaken by 38 volunteers who made weekly visits to the São Paulo State Cancer Institute (Icesp). In 2012, the initiative was expanded to include other wards of the University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine (FMUSP) Hospital Complex. Studies were also conducted in order to understand the impact of the clown-doctor character on adult patients, health professionals and the students themselves. RESULTS: Preliminary results suggest that most of the students acquired communication skills and also broadened their vision of the patients. CONCLUSION: Future research may elucidate more details on the benefits of training medical students in mental health.

7.
Rev. Soc. Cardiol. Estado de Säo Paulo ; 23(2): 101-115, abr.-jun. 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-724449

ABSTRACT

A adolescência é uma fase de vulnerabilidade para uso de risco de álcool e tabaco. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram que acerca de 23% dos adolescentes brasileiros fazem uso de drogas, sendo o álcool a substância mais consumida e de início mais precoce, Os adolescentes estão sujeitos a consequências de prejuízos importantes. A patogênese do uso de risco é complexa e multifatorial, composta de genética, grau de desenvolvimento do indivíduo, ambiente, contexto de uso e substância utilizada, havendo interação entre estes fatores. A imprecisão dos critérios diagnósticos empregados pode ser substituída por um espectro de níveis de gravidade de uso de álcool e tabaco. O clínico deve considerar os critérios diagnósticos, além das mudanças de comportamento que podem indicar seu uso e suas consequências nas diversas áreas da vida do adolescente. A avaliação de risco deve sempre estar presente nas consultas e nortear as condutas do profissional. As intervenções devem reduzir ao máximo o contato do paciente com as drogas e, no caso de uso, prevenir a evolução do consumo para padrões mais graves de abuso ou dependência. A avaliação e o tratamento de comorbidades são fundamentais no manejo do tratamento nesta faixa etária e o encaminhamento para um especialista deve ser considerado nos casos de maior risco. A intervenção deve ser abrangente, incluindo atividades escolares e profissionalizantes, relacionamentos sociais, atividades de lazer, fundamentais para a retomada do desenvolvimento normal do adolescente.


Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to risk the use of alcohol and tobacco. Epidemiological studies show that approximately 23 of Brazilian teenager are using drugs and alcohol which is the most consumed substance at a more precocious beginning. Teens are subject to consequences of serious damage. The pathogenesis of risk use is complex and multifactorial composed of genetics, degree of development of the individual, environment the contexto of use, and the substances used, plus the fact there is the interaction between these factors. The inaccuracy of the diagnostic used may be replaced by a spectrum of severity levels of use of alcohol and tobacco. The clinician should consider diagnostic criteria, in addition to the changes in behavior that may indicate their use and the consequences in several áreas of the life of the teenager. The risk assessment should alwas be presente in the consultations in order to guide the professional conduct. Interventions should reduce the patient's contact with drugs and, in case of use, prevent the increase of consumption for more severe patterns of abuse or dependency properties. The evaluation and treatment of comorbidities are essential in order to manage the treatment of this age group and the referral to a specialist should be considered in case of increased risk. The intervention must be comprehensive, including school and vocational activities, social relationship, leisure activities which are essential for the resumption of normal adolescente development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adolescent , Alcoholism/complications , Alcoholism/epidemiology , Smoking/adverse effects , Smoking/epidemiology , Therapeutics/methods , Brazil/epidemiology , Adolescent Behavior , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Substance-Related Disorders , World Health Organization
8.
Clinics ; 68(8): 1096-1102, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-685432

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between different types of child maltreatment and the presence of psychiatric disorders in highly vulnerable children and adolescents served by a multidisciplinary program. METHODS: In total, 351 patients with a mean age of 12.47, of whom 68.7% were male and 82.1% lived in shelters, underwent psychiatric evaluations based on the Kiddie-Sads-Present and Lifetime Version. Two different methods were used to evaluate maltreatment: medical records were reviewed to identify previous diagnoses related to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to obtain a structured history of trauma. Bivariate associations were evaluated between psychiatric disorders and evidence of each type and the frequency of abuse. RESULTS: The most frequent psychiatric diagnoses were substance use disorders, affective disorders and specific disorders of early childhood, whereas 13.67% of the sample had no psychiatric diagnosis. All patients suffered neglect, and 58.4% experienced physical or sexual abuse. The presence of a history of multiple traumas was only associated with a diagnosis of substance use disorder. Mental retardation showed a strong positive association with reported physical abuse and emotional neglect. However, a negative correlation was found when we analyzed the presence of a history of multiple traumas and mental retardation. CONCLUSION: All children living in adverse conditions deserve careful assistance, but we found that physical abuse and emotional neglect were most strongly associated with mental retardation and multiple traumas with substance abuse. .


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Child Abuse/psychology , Mental Disorders/etiology , Brazil , Child Abuse/statistics & numerical data , Life Change Events , Logistic Models , Mental Disorders/psychology , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Sex Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and Questionnaires
9.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 35(supl.1): S51-S61, 2013. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-687958

ABSTRACT

Adolescence is a period of vulnerability to substance use disorders (SUDs). Epidemiological studies indicate that about 23% of Brazilian adolescents use drugs, with alcohol being the most widely consumed substance. The etiology of SUDs is complex, influenced by an interaction of genetic risk, individual development, environmental factors, context of use, and substance used. Clinicians should consider diagnostic criteria and be aware of behavioral changes that may indicate drug use and its consequences in various aspects of adolescent life. Identification and treatment of comorbid conditions is critical to the management of SUDs in this age group. Interventions should restrict access to drugs and facilitate prompt recognition of initial use, preventing progression to serious patterns of abuse or dependence. Intervention should be broad, including academic and occupational activities as well as social relationships and leisure, which are critical to the reestablishment of normal adolescent development.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Humans , Adolescent Behavior , Substance-Related Disorders , Brazil/epidemiology , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy
10.
Clinics ; 67(1): 3-9, 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-610617

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Despite the high prevalence of substance abuse and mood disorders among victimized children and adolescents, few studies have investigated the association of these disorders with treatment adherence, represented by numbers of visits per month and treatment duration. We aimed to investigate the effects of substance abuse and mood disorders on treatment adherence and duration in a special program for victimized children in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A total of 351 participants were evaluated for psychiatric disorders and classified into one of five groups: mood disorders alone; substance abuse disorders alone; mood and substance abuse disorders; other psychiatric disorders; no psychiatric disorders. The associations between diagnostic classification and adherence to treatment and the duration of program participation were tested with logistic regression and survival analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Children with mood disorders alone had the highest rate of adherence (79.5 percent); those with substance abuse disorders alone had the lowest (40 percent); and those with both disorders had an intermediate rate of adherence (50 percent). Those with other psychiatric disorders and no psychiatric disorders also had high rates of adherence (75.6 percent and 72.9 percent, respectively). Living with family significantly increased adherence for children with substance abuse disorders but decreased adherence for those with no psychiatric disorders. The diagnostic correlates of duration of participation were similar to those for adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Mood and substance abuse disorders were strong predictive factors for treatment adherence and duration, albeit in opposite directions. Living with family seems to have a positive effect on treatment adherence for patients with substance abuse disorders. More effective treatment is needed for victimized substance-abusing youth.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Child Abuse/psychology , Homeless Youth/psychology , Mood Disorders/psychology , Patient Compliance/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Brazil , Crime Victims/psychology , Epidemiologic Methods , Family , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/therapy , Mood Disorders/therapy , Patient Compliance/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Time Factors
11.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 33(3): 287-291, Sept. 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-609086

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Although knowledge on developmental psychiatry is fundamental for the early recognition, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders, this subject has not been incorporated into the medical curriculum or psychiatric practice in Brazil. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a short course on developmental psychiatry for undergraduate students and to expand education policies concerning developmental psychiatry in Brazil. METHODS: Before and after attending an extracurricular 12-hour, 4-day course on the fundamentals of developmental psychiatry, undergraduate health sciences students were tested regarding their knowledge of the subject. The pre-test/post-test included 12 randomly selected multiple-choice questions designed to evaluate knowledge related to developmental psychiatry and was administered together with a questionnaire designed to evaluate students' attitudes. To compare performances between groups, nonparametric analyses of ordinal categorical data were employed. RESULTS: The final sample comprised 43 students. The mean post-test score was significantly higher than the mean pre-test score (65.0 percent vs 39.9 percent; p < 0.0001). We found that strongly positive attitudes correlated with better performance. The 3rd and 4th year medical students performed better than the 1st and 2nd year medical students and the non-medical students. Sex differences favoring males were also observed. CONCLUSION: Our findings encourage additional educational policies related to developmental psychiatry which may result in direct clinical implications.


CONTEXTO: Apesar de vital para o reconhecimento precoce, tratamento e prevenção de transtornos mentais, a psiquiatria do desenvolvimento ainda não foi incorporada à grade curricular ou prática psiquiátrica no Brasil. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto de um curso extracurricular em psiquiatria do desenvolvimento na graduação e a viabilidade de expansão de políticas de ensino em psiquiatria do desenvolvimento no Brasil. MÉTODO: Antes e após assistirem um curso de 12 horas durante 4 dias sobre fundamentos da psiquiatria do desenvolvimento, estudantes de graduação em saúde responderam um questionário composto por 12 questões de múltipla escolha randomizadas para avaliação de retenção do conhecimento e questões destinadas à avaliação de atitudes. A análise estatística incluiu testes não-paramétricos de variáveis categóricas ordinais. RESULTADOS: Em uma amostra final composta por 43 estudantes, verificou-se um desempenho significativamente superior no pós-teste (65.0 por cento vs. 39.9 por cento; p < 0.0001). Atitudes positivas em relação ao curso relacionaram-se a um melhor desempenho. Estudantes dos 3º e 4º anos de medicina apresentaram resultados superiores quando comparados aos do 1º e 2º anos de medicina e aos estudantes de outras áreas da saúde. Constatou-se melhor desempenho no sexo masculino. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo encoraja políticas de ensino em psiquiatria do desenvolvimento que poderão ter implicações clínicas diretas.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Education, Medical, Undergraduate , Educational Measurement , Mental Disorders , Psychiatry/education , Attitude , Brazil , Curriculum , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/genetics , Mental Disorders/therapy , Public Policy
12.
J. bras. psiquiatr ; 60(4): 259-265, 2011. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-612785

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre a resposta ao tratamento da dependência de nicotina com bupropiona e a presença do polimorfismo SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR, localizado no gene que codifica o transportador dopaminérgico. Método: Foram acompanhados no Ambulatório de Tabagismo do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Faculdade de Medicina da USP 100 pacientes do sexo masculino com diagnóstico de dependência de nicotina, sem outras patologias. Todos receberam bupropiona até 300 mg ao dia por 12 semanas, associada à terapia cognitivo-comportamental em grupo. A Escala de Fagerström foi aplicada no início e no final do tratamento, e avaliou-se a parada do uso de cigarros na última semana de tratamento e um mês após. Os pacientes tiveram 10 ml de sangue colhidos e genotipados para a existência do polimorfismo SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR. Resultados: Não foi encontrada associação entre cessação do uso de cigarro e presença do polimorfismo. Conclusão: São necessários mais estudos para avaliar se a presença do polimorfismo SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR estaria relacionada à melhor resposta ao tratamento da dependência de nicotina.


Objective: To evaluate the association between response to treatment of nicotine dependence with bupropion and the presence of the polymorphism SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR, in the gene that codifies the dopaminergic transporter. Method: A hundred patients were treated in the Nicotine Dependence Outpatient Clinic of the Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School. All patients were male, diagnosed as nicotine dependents and had no other diseases. All received bupropion until 300 mg a day for 12 weeks, combined with cognitive-behavioral group therapy. The Fagerström Scale was applied at the beginning and at the end of treatment. Cigarette cessation was evaluated in the last week of treatment and one month later. Patients had 10 ml blood extracted and genotiped for SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR polymorphism. Results: There was no association between cigarettes cessation and the presence of polymorphism. Conclusion: More studies are needed to assess whether the presence of polymorphism SLC6A3 3’UTR VNTR could be associated with a better response to treatment of nicotine dependence.

14.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 32(supl.2): S112-S120, out. 2010. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-567439

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: A prevalência de transtornos psiquiátricos na infância/adolescência é de 10-15 por cento. As causas mais frequentes de atendimentos psiquiátricos emergenciais nesta faixa etária são: alterações de comportamento sem diagnóstico estabelecido, comportamento suicida e depressão. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar os principais aspectos clínicos e orientar a conduta inicial das emergências psiquiátricas na infância/adolescência. MÉTODO: Artigo de revisão não-sistemática. RESULTADOS: São apresentados aspectos clínicos relevantes para a avaliação psiquiátrica emergencial de crianças/adolescentes. As apresentações clínicas são divididas em grupos de sintomas relevantes, tanto por sua frequência, quanto pelo impacto para o paciente e sua família. Assim, são apresentadas as seguintes síndromes clínicas: comportamento agressivo, intoxicações, comportamento suicida, psicoses, transtornos ansiosos, transtornos alimentares e maus-tratos contra a crianças/adolescente. É descrita a conduta inicial recomendada para cada uma destas condições. CONCLUSÃO: Emergências psiquiátricas na infância/adolescência podem ser a reagudização ou a primeira manifestação de um transtorno psiquiátrico. A avaliação emergencial tem como objetivo identificar o diagnóstico, os riscos para a criança/adolescente, os fatores desencadeantes e mantenedores, e a presença de suporte familiar e social.


OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in childhood/adolescence is of 10-15 percent.The most frequent causes of psychiatric emergence attendances in this age are: behavioral disturbances, suicidal behavior, and depression.The objective of this study is to present themost relevant clinical issues and to guide the initial procedures of psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence. METHOD: Non-systematic review. RESULTS: Relevant clinical issues for psychiatric emergency evaluation of children/adolescents are presented. Clinical presentations are divided in relevant groups of symptoms, due to its frequency and to its impact to patients and their families. Therefore, the following syndromes are presented: aggressive behavior, intoxication, suicidal behavior, psychoses, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, maltreatment against children/adolescents. The initial procedures recommended for each of these conditions are described. CONCLUSION: Psychiatric emergencies in childhood/adolescence can be the re-agudization or a first crisis of a psychiatric disorder. The emergency evaluation's objectives are: to identify the diagnosis, the risks for the child/adolescent, the triggering and maintaining factors, and the presence of familiar and social support.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Psychology, Adolescent , Child Psychiatry , Emergency Services, Psychiatric , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy
16.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 37(6): 271-279, 2010. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-573920

ABSTRACT

CONTEXTO: A infância e a adolescência são períodos relevantes para a maturação do cérebro. Experiências no começo da vida exercem influência em padrões de comportamentos da vida adulta. OBJETIVO: Analisar estudos neuropsicológicos e de neuroimagem associados ao estresse emocional na infância e adolescência que foram publicados na literatura nos últimos 20 anos MÉTODOS: Revisão da literatura na base de dados Medline/PubMed com os termos relacionados à neuropsicologia, neuroimagem e vivência de abandono, violência doméstica, abuso físico, abuso sexual e negligência. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 607 artigos, dos quais 19 foram selecionados para análise por se adequarem ao tema proposto. Apesar das divergências entre eles, há evidências de que grupos com experiência de estresse emocional precoce (EEP) apresentam prejuízos em funções neurocognitivas como atenção, inteligência, linguagem, funções executivas e tomada de decisões, assim como alterações no hipocampo, corpo caloso, córtex pré-frontal e córtex cingulado anterior. A ocorrência de transtornos psiquiátricos e de alterações comportamentais também é relevante nesses indivíduos. CONCLUSÕES: Em virtude da diversidade de efeitos negativos do EEP no desenvolvimento neuropsicológico, considera-se fundamental a realização de pesquisas sistematizadas que possam nortear a elaboração de estratégias de diagnóstico e tratamento específicas, além da implementação de políticas públicas de prevenção à violência na infância e adolescência.


BACKGROUND: Childhood and adolescence are relevant periods for the brain maturation process. Experiences in early life have an important influence on adults patterns of behavior. OBJECTIVE: To analyze what have been published in the last 20 years about neuropsychological and neuroimaging, associated with occurrence of various forms of emotional stress in childhood and adolescence. METHODS: Literature review of the Medline/PubMed database with the terms related to neuropsychology, neuroimaging, abandonment experience, domestic violence, physical and sexual abuse and neglect. RESULTS: 607 articles were found but only 19 fit with the proposed subject and were selected. Despite the differences between the studies, there is evidence that groups with experience of early emotional stress show losses in neurocognitive functions such as attention, intelligence, language, executive functions, and decision-making, as well as changes in hippocampus, corpus callosum prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. The occurrence of psychiatric disorders and behavioral disorders were also relevant in these individuals. DISCUSSION: Considering many negative consequences that early stress can cause in neuropsychological and mental development, there is a need for more research on the topic in order to develop specific strategies for diagnosis and treatment, besides the implementation of public policies for violence prevention in childhood and adolescence, especially in developing countries.


Subject(s)
Child , Adolescent , Stress, Psychological , Review Literature as Topic , Neuropsychological Tests
18.
Braz. J. Psychiatry (São Paulo, 1999, Impr.) ; 29(4): 308-314, dez. 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471317

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To verify how conduct disorder and conduct problems are associated with gender, age at onset of drug use and categories of drugs used. METHOD: A test of association was conducted between the presence of comorbidity and gender. Mean age of first use of each drug was compared to mean age of first arrest, of first robbery/theft, and of first drug dealing. RESULTS: In this sample, approximately 59 percent of adolescents had already robbed and/or stolen, 38.6 percent had already been arrested, 32.3 percent had prior history of drug dealing, 24.1 percent had depression, and 9.6 percent had conduct disorder. Prevalence of conduct problems was 65.2 percent. Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and cocaine were used before the first robbery and/or theft, first drug dealing, and first arrest. DISCUSSION: The fact that drug use onset preceded illegal acts suggests that the latter are the consequence of the consumption of the former, or perhaps, the consequence of "social invisibility" (feeling of not belonging to anything or to anybody) by which these youths undergo. CONCLUSIONS: Labeling these youths as conduct-disordered adolescents may cloud a rather different reality, and it may submit them to more social isolation and stigmatization as well.


OBJETIVO: Verificar como o transtorno de conduta e os problemas de conduta se associam ao gênero, a idade de início do uso de drogas e aos tipos de drogas consumidas. MÉTODO: Realizou-se teste de associação entre presença de comorbidade e sexo. As médias de idade do primeiro uso de cada droga foram comparadas com as médias de idade da primeira prisão e das práticas do primeiro roubo e do primeiro tráfico. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 59 por cento dos adolescentes já haviam praticado algum tipo de roubo, 38,6 por cento já haviam sido presos, 32,3 por cento possuíam história pregressa de tráfico de drogas, 24,1 por cento tinham depressão e 9,6 por cento transtorno de conduta. A prevalência de problemas de conduta foi de 65,2 por cento. Tabaco, álcool, maconha e cocaína foram usados antes do primeiro roubo, do primeiro tráfico e da primeira prisão. DISCUSSÃO: Os atos ilegais ocorreram posteriormente ao início do uso de drogas, denotando ser conseqüência deste consumo ou, talvez, conseqüência da "invisibilidade social" (sensação de não-pertencimento a nada ou a ninguém) pela qual passam estes jovens. CONCLUSÕES: A rotulação destes jovens como portadores de transtorno de conduta pode ofuscar uma realidade bem diferente, além de submetê-los a uma maior marginalização e estigmatização.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Female , Humans , Male , Adolescent Behavior/psychology , Conduct Disorder/epidemiology , Crime/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Adolescent Health Services/statistics & numerical data , Age of Onset , Antisocial Personality Disorder/diagnosis , Antisocial Personality Disorder/epidemiology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/epidemiology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Brazil/epidemiology , Comorbidity , Conduct Disorder/diagnosis , Conduct Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/epidemiology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) , Prevalence , Retrospective Studies , Sex Factors , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
19.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Fonoaudiol ; 12(2): 120-125, 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-457755

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Resgatar, por meio da linguagem, a memória autobiográfica de adolescentes usuários de drogas/álcool. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 25 adolescentes usuários e 25 não usuários de álcool/drogas com idades entre 13 e 17 anos, do sexo masculino. Após coleta da linguagem oral, a análise deste material foi baseada no modelo que privilegia a estrutura discursiva em cenário, complicação, resposta interna, tentativa, conseqüência e reação. RESULTADOS: O grupo de usuários produziu menos tentativa (p=0,010), conseqüência (p= 0,030) e reação (p= 0,023), indicando diferente perfil na linguagem de ambos os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil da memória autobiográfica de adolescentes usuários de drogas é diferente do de adolescentes não usuários. Este dado pode estar relacionado ao comprometimento no funcionamento cognitivo e/ou de linguagem, assim como de aspectos sociais e psíquicos, ocasionando interrupções na seqüência da lembrança.


PURPOSE: To recollect autobiographical memory of adolescent drug users by means of language. METHODS: Twenty five male adolescents, alcohol/drugs users and 25 nonusers, with ages between 13 and 17 years, took part on this study. After collection of the verbal speech sample, the analysis was carried out based on the model that determines the discursive structure in setting, complication, internal answer, attempt, consequence and reaction. RESULTS: The group of users produced less attempt (p=0,010), consequence (p = 0,030) and reaction (p = 0,023), indicating different language profiles between the groups. CONCLUSION: The autobiographical memory profile of adolescent drug users was different from that of non users. This result can be related to the cognitive and/or linguistic functioning deficit, as well as to damage on social and psychic aspects, causing interruptions in the sequence of recollections.


Subject(s)
Male , Adolescent , Language , Memory , Neuropsychology , Substance-Related Disorders
20.
Arch. Clin. Psychiatry (Impr.) ; 34(6): 260-265, 2007. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-471866

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric disorders in infancy and adolescence may impair the access to the memory of facts and events occurred during these periods. OBJECTIVE: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the autobiographical and semantic memory of a group of adolescent drug users and a control group of adolescent non-users. METHODS: Twenty-five males participated in each group between 13 and 17 years old. Two questionnaires were applied: Kihlstrom e Schacter (1995) for semantic memory and Borrini et al. (1989) for autobiographical memory. RESULTS: The group of drug users had more difficulties in accessing autobiographical memory (p = 0.0205) and semantic memory (p = 0.0057). CONCLUSIONS: Some hypotheses might be raised: users presented cognitive complications that make difficult the access to long-term memories, as well as others related to the dynamics of drug use.


CONTEXTO: Transtornos psiquiátricos na infância e adolescência podem prejudicar o acesso às memórias de fatos e eventos ocorridos durante esse período. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as memórias autobiográfica e semântica de adolescentes usuários e não usuários de drogas. MÉTODOS: Participaram de cada grupo 25 adolescentes do gênero masculino, com idades entre 13 e 17 anos. Dois questionários foram aplicados: Kihlstrom e Schacter (1995), que avalia a memória semântica e Borrini et al. (1989), que avalia a memória autobiográfica. RESULTADOS: O grupo de usuários de drogas apresentou maior dificuldade para acessar as memórias autobiográfica (p = 0,0205) e semântica (p = 0,0057). CONCLUSÕES: Algumas hipóteses podem ser levantadas: usuários apresentam complicações cognitivas que dificultam o acesso às memórias de longo prazo, e também outras causas relacionadas à dinâmica do uso de drogas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Child , Adolescent , Autobiography , Memory , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Semantics
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